Accuracy Definition in Chemistry

Accuracy refers to the correctness of a single measurement. Accuracy is determined by comparing the measurement against the true or accepted value. An accurate measurement is close to the true value, like hitting the center of a bullseye. Contrast this with precision, which reflects how well a series of measurements agree with each other, whether or not any of them are close to the true value. Precision can often be adjusted using calibration to yield values that are both accurate and precise. Scientists often report percent error of a measurement, which expresses how far a measured value is from the true value. Examples of Accuracy in Measurements For example, if you measure a cube that is known to be 10.0 cm across and your values are 9.0 cm, 8.8 cm, and 11.2 cm, these values are more accurate than if you had gotten values of 11.5 cm, 11.6 cm, and 11.6 cm (which are more precise). Different types of glassware used in the lab are inherently different in their level of accuracy. If you use an unmarked flask to try to obtain 1 liter of liquid, youre likely not going to be very accurate. If you use a 1-liter beaker, youll probably be accurate within several milliliters. If you use a volumetric flask, the accuracy of the measurement may be within a milliliter or two. Accurate measuring tools, such as a volumetric flask, are usually labeled so a scientist knows what level of accuracy to expect from the measurement. For another example, consider mass measurement. If you measure mass on a Mettler scale, you can expect accuracy within a fraction of a gram (depending on how well the scale is calibrated). If you use a home scale to measure mass, you usually need to tare the scale (zero it) to calibrate it and even then will only get an inaccurate mass measurement. For a scale used to measure weight, for example, the value could be off by half a pound or more, plus the accuracy of the scale may change depending on where you are in the instruments range. A person weighing close to 125 lbs might get a more accurate measurement than a baby weighing 12 lbs. In other cases, accuracy reflects how close a value is to a standard. A standard is an accepted value. A chemist might prepare a standard solution to use as a reference. There are also standards for units of measurement, such as the meter, liter, and kilogram. The atomic clock is a type of standard used to determine accuracy of time measurements.

Examine the Economic Arguments Used to Explain the...

Examine the economic arguments used to explain the partition of West Africa. In the late 1880s, only limited areas of Africa were subjected to the direct rule of Europeans. However, the next 20 years saw an increase in the confiscation of African colonies by the Europeans and by 1914 the partition of Africa had been consolidated. By 1914, with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, the whole of Africa had been partitioned and occupied by the imperial powers of France, Britain, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Spain and Italy, and colonialism was implemented. However, by 1918 Germany lost its African colonies and they were distributed among the other European powers. Lenin and Hobson both argue that the partition of west Africa was†¦show more content†¦In 1884 Bismarck dispatched warships to declare German sovereignty over the coasts of German Togoland, Cameron, South Wets Africa and Tanganyika. These were the areas of British influence where their missionaries and traders worked. This strategy was designed to make the French feel that Germany w as on their side in Africa. Furthermore, King Leopold created an International Association, this was supposed to promote scientific knowledge of Africa but it was actually designed to carry out his secret territorial ambitions in the Congo (Boahen Webster, 169). Additionally, the British occupation of Egypt was vital in starring the scramble elsewhere on the African continent. Prior to British occupation of Egypt, there were many signs in West Africa that a new imperial advance could be expected. This was demonstrated by the British defeat of the Asante in 1874, renewed French activity on the Senegal in the late 1870s, British and French maneuvering on the Niger and French and Belgian activity on the Congo. The rivalry on the Niger-Congo impelled the Berlin Conference (Boahen Webster, 170). In 1884, the European powers convened at the Berlin West Africa Conference when it became apparent that the carving up of Africa was to begin. The Berlin Conference determined that the Nig er and Congo would be open to the trade of all nations alongShow MoreRelatedWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 Pagesresources, management inefficiencies and development concerns. The infrastructure development and the efforts given, is considered inevitable in the region for the hydropower generation. 3. Although water has been considered as an indispensable means of economic development and social welfare, greater need of water resources are the main issues of contention. With the increase in uses of water resources, inter and intra state contest between various countries has surfaced. The South Asian rivers has alternativeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The Beautiful Letdown free essay sample

For as long as I can remember, I have beeninfatuated with all types of rock music. Over the years I have purchased manyrock albums, some decent and some disappointing, in a quest for the ideal.Occasionally I would come across an album so appealing that I would convincemyself I had found the ideal album. But then I would grow tired of it, andrealize its insufficiency. Id end up, once again, disillusioned. As timepassed I became increasingly fastidious in my purchases; I even succumbed to thenotion that rock is dead as the deep meanings and messages in those powerfulsounds and identifiable lyrics were gradually replaced by repetitious hip-hop andmeaningless pop music. I was close to denying the existence of theperfect rock album, but then, when I least expected it, I witnessed theinexpressible sublimity of Switchfoots The Beautiful Letdown. Icouldnt believe my ears the producing, songwriting, playing, singing and soundwere perfect. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beautiful Letdown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had finally found the ideal rock album and was utterlyhappy and satisfied every time I listened to this superlative collection of 11songs. Perhaps the most extraordinary track is This is Your Life. Theintro is very distinct and makes an intriguing transition from the previous song.It begins with decelerated base sounds separated by pausing intervals thatgradually lead into a shrill synthesizer, immediately followed by the soft strumsof a 12-string acoustic guitar played by Jon Foreman. After Foreman singsprofound lyrics about the inevitability of the unchangeable past, he utters thewords, This is your life Are you who you want to be? At thispoint, the listener is either weeping or completely dumfounded at the songsomnipotence I think I passed out the first time I heard it. Anotherawesome song is the title track. The message here is so undeniably true that itpractically demands the listeners undivided attention. Foreman addresses achallenging truth about the distinct time when each is faced with the decision toaccept Christ as Savior and convert. Foreman calls this conversion thebeautiful letdown because what once seemed beautiful is always a letdown when youfind truth in God. The Beautiful Letdown is only one of many thatfocuses on spiritual longing, and is perhaps the reason why this is the idealrock album. Every song is incomparably impressive, I guarantee it.Through this album, Switchfoot has impacted my life. And if you have not yetwitnessed this, I hope and pray The Beautiful Letdown will becomeyour ideal rock album.

The business ethics education influence practitioner - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about The businessethics education influence practitioner. Answer: Evaluation of Ethical learning at Commonwealth Bank Previously, Commonwealth Bank in Australia was facing certain issues and it resulted in controversies as well, because of which, the company focused on the development of an ethical culture and promote ethical learning. By becoming an ethical organisation, it would become easy for the company to follow the rules and regulations implemented by the top-level management. By promoting ethical learning, it would also become convenient for the financial institution to work according to the main value statement by aligning with the business goals and objectives (Maden 2012). Ethical learning is also possible by respecting the work of every one and even considering their opinions and responses for creating good relationships between both the employer and employee. Implementation of ethical learning Due to the immense competition in the market, Commonwealth Bank has changed certain policies and procedures to maintain ethics and a positive culture for successful business functioning. For implementing the ethical learning, Commonwealth Bank has maintained honesty, transparency and managed both human and financial resources properly to promote openness and exchange of information and data with ease and effectiveness (Commbank.com.au. 2018). The organisation has introduced a new program for refunding the retail customers in case any errors or issues were caused by the bank itself. Proper leadership is managed and decisions are taken by the top management, which are accurate and have brought positive outcomes for the organisation (Karkoulian, Canaan Messarra and McCarthy 2013). The core value statement of the organisation is followed by remaining aligned with the mission and objectives for understanding the ways of working appropriately. Commonwealth Bank must abide by the laws, rule s and regulations of the state, national and federal levels to ensure proper communication, sharing and exchange of information among the employees too. To enable ethical learning, the company must develop a sense of trust and loyalty among the customers and make them believe that their career is safe and sound (Pardo and Siemens 2014). Corporate social responsibility The corporate social responsibilities could be achieved with ease, because the company had create positive impacts by managing education, community and business practices properly. Commonwealth Bank should be able to develop sustainable value by focusing on the various areas aligned with the seven opportunity initiatives. Educational opportunities are provided for making people obtain skills and knowledge and create a diversified workforce capable of performing to their potential. Corporate social responsibilities are also managed by focusing on a balanced and transparent business decisions for supporting the social, economic and environmental factors too (Balotsky 2012). Conclusion The topic focused on the ethical learning aspect of Commonwealth Bank, Australia by evaluating how the ethical learning was managed. To achieve ethical learning, it should be necessary to prepare training sessions for enhancing the skills of the workers and create a workforce that could be capable of maintaining openness and transparency. The leadership was maintained properly along with the promoting of transparency and openness, which furthermore provided enough educational scopes and opportunities and facilitated the decision making process. These could be the ways by which Commonwealth Bank could become an ethical learning organisation within the banking sector in Australia. References Balotsky, E.R., 2012. Just how much does business ethics education influence practitioner attitudes? An empirical investigation of a multi-level ethical learning model.Journal of Business Ethics Education,9, pp.101-128. Commbank.com.au. (2018). Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Karkoulian, S., Canaan Messarra, L. and McCarthy, R., 2013. The intriguing art of knowledge management and its relation to learning organizations.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(4), pp.511-526. Maden, C., 2012. Transforming public organizations into learning organizations: a conceptual model.Public Organization Review,12(1), pp.71-84. Pardo, A. and Siemens, G., 2014. Ethical and privacy principles for learning analytics.British Journal of Educational Technology,45(3), pp.438-450.

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer You don’t have to become a doctor or a lawyer to make $100k a year or more. Take a look at these 11 six figure jobs you may not have thought of as quite so high-paying. Keep in mind that compensation can come in many more forms than just your annual salary. And remember to keep your options open! 1. Special AgentLet alone the fact that the job title is super cool, you can make over $120k per year as an FBI agent. Or an agent for similar companies or law enforcement. To get hired, you’ll probably want a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, plus some military or law enforcement experience. These jobs can be action packed or desk-oriented, but most will likely require some extra non-standard or on-call work hours.2. Airline PilotAgain, you’ll want either military flight experience or a degree in aviation, physics, or some other related field. In addition to your flying skill, good quick-thinking and savvy leadership is required. Nonstandard schedule again, but also routinely $120k and above.3. Regional Sales ExecutiveA college degree may or may not be necessary here. You’ll have to work your way up and through the company a bit, getting to know the product backwards and forwards, but if you have what it takes and you have excellent communication skills, you could easily hit the executive level, and your total compensation could easily breach $100k per year.4. Nurse PractitionerNPs are required to have a Master’s degree in nursing, plus whatever state level qualifications and certifications apply. But they can also build their own private practices, have some control over their schedules, and make $100k or more per year.5. Reservoir EngineerIdentify and go after gas reserves underground. All you’ll need is a degree in chemical engineering, and the determination to get the necessary experience in a very technical and nuanced field. But the compensation is usually over $125k, sometimes as high as $143k.6. DentistOkay so this is kind of like being a doctor or lawyer, and you’ll need all the schooling that entails. Four year degree, doctorate in dentistry, qualifying and licensing exams†¦but most dentists run their own practices and make between $125k and $130k per year.7. Equity Research AssociateIf you’re good with numbers and can acquire a bachelor’s degree in finance or economics, this might be the right field for you. You’ll analyze financial trends and do all the fun stuff of investment banking without the ulcers. Typical total median pay, with commissions and other compensation: $100k per year.8. GeophysicistIf you love rocks, and the Earth in general, then get yourself a degree in Geology, then another one. There is a surprising range of positions out there for geophysicists. And you could make nearly $120k per year.9. Physician AssistantPAs are like NPs. They also require a master’s degree, but you go through different programs. The only difference is PAs have to work more closely with MDs and so have less flexibility and autonomy, but they still break $100k per year.10. Drilling EngineerDrill baby, drill. If you have a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, or another relevant field, and you are confident and comfortable managing a team where safety is of the utmost importance, than this field could be for you. Expect to make around or over $110k.11. Software ArchitectIf you’re more the indoor type, and love technology, then get yourself a degree in math, computer science, software engineering†¦ or just show your coding mettle in other ways. You might need to put in some long hours, and you’ll have to have Batman-esque skills in order to provide company’s with the tools they need to operate at their best, but you can make over $130k per year.

650 Assingment 5 Example

650 Assingment 5 Example 650 Assingment 5 – Assignment Example 650 Assignment 5 Answer The major proportion of the investments related to the mutual funds comes from al investors including foreign institutional investors, banks and corporate. Apart from the equity schemes of the investors the highest participation is made by the institutional investors. However, retail participation is more towards the equity. From the graphical representation of the mutual fund investors it can be inferred that at the initial stage in 1986 the performance of actively managed equity funds were better than Vanguard 500 Index which took a major dip in 1998. At this point of time the performance of Vanguard 500 Index Fund performance tends to be better. Again within a span of 7-8 years the actively managed equity performance kept Vanguard 500 Index Fund way behind. Thus it can be said that the performance of actively managed stocks has been portraying better rates of return over the years than that of Vanguard 500 Index Fund. Answer 2 Efficient market hypothesis of any company is difficult to test. The consistency of the company can be judged on the basis of the three forms of efficiency, i.e., strong, semi-strong and weak. The strong form of efficiency hypothesis results in fewer evidence of inconsistency. However, the intense of inconsistency grows with semi-strong to weak form of efficiency hypothesis. From the graphical representation it can be assessed that inconsistency prevails over the year. Since the company has not been successful in projecting similar kind of return over the year. But depending on the area where the company has shown strong form of efficiency hypothesis there the extent of consistency prevails. Thus overall both the elements of consistency and inconsistency are observed based on the performance of the company (Jensen, 1978, pp.1-5). Answer 3 The best way of deciding on the equity investment of the 401(k) plans relates to the assets of the company. Initially the company should work towards the contribution plan resulting in paying more emphasis on the asset allocation responsibility of the company. The increase in the defined contribution plan of the company would take care of the supplemental coverage. The asset allocation pattern of the company helps in the estimation of the taking investment decisions. However, the pattern of investment is highly depended on factors like the age and income of the person; as to the investor is willing to concentrate on a equity based portfolio or is keener on the debt based portfolio. Since the investor here is having an equity of around 70%, hence the investment decision has to be taken very tactfully depending upon the companies where the investments has been made. The debt-equity ratio of the comp-any is an important element in assessing the company efficiency and depending on which the decision should be taken. The investment should be made on various sectors so that the stocks of the company are negatively correlated thus yielding higher returns for the portfolio (Uccello, 2000, p.1-6). Reference Jensen M. C., (1978). Some Anomalous Evidence Regarding Market Efficiency. Retrieved from: . Uccello C. E., (2000). 401(k) Investment Decisions and Social Security Reform. Retrieved from: .

Japan Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japan Civilization - Essay Example Secondly, the analysis will also discuss the way in which Confucianism was imported and ultimately adopted from the Chinese culture. The purpose of choosing to cultural/religious inclusions within Japanese history and culture is with regards to the fact that religion has a powerful means of altering the way in which a given culture approaches key concepts and topics. In short, religion in and of itself can transform a culture and differentiated in a way that other cultural inclusions may very well not. Whereas many religions spread around the world and into new areas due to the fact that a strong or resilient native religion is nonexistent, this is very much not the case with regards to how Buddhism spread within the Japanese culture. Ultimately, Japan had many forms of resilience and native religions that were extant far prior to the introduction of Buddhism from Korea. However, nonetheless, this interpretation of a new religious paradigm was not something that met with a great deal of strife or violence. Rather, Buddhism was oftentimes incorporated alongside the various native religions, such as Shintoism, that were already practiced within Japan. Moreover, Buddhism had yet another tangential effect due to the fact that the writing system of the â€Å"Kanji† was Incorporated alongside the religion within Japan. ... In such a way, these religious interpretations existed almost unquestioned up until the Meiji restoration. Regardless of their impact, the reader should come to the realization that the role that religion plays with regards to allowing a degree of transcultural development and integration in which many other forms of culture exchange could not hope to achieve in and of themselves. As a result of the widespread acceptance and integration of these religiously motivated norms and mores, Japanese society continues to indicate the influences that these religious interpretations have had upon the current times. Unlike many of the other nations or cultural patterns in history, conquest and violence did not define the means by which either of these religious interpretations spread in and around Japan; however, the cultural impact that they had upon the way in which society is currently evidenced and the means by which the religious history of these movements have developed the Japanese cultu re. Likewise, within the modern era, Japan has embraced a clear and distinct form of Western ideals, economics and culture. This can be seen since the time of the Meiji Restoration up until the current era. Although Japan is one of the most resilient and strongest embodiments of culture retention within the world, the nation has, nonetheless, been able to evolve and grow with the changing of the times and adopt and react to the prescient needs that the global influences that are acting upon them invoke. Specifically, the reader can realize that within the past several hundred years, Japan has opened itself to global commerce, shifted towards a industrialized nation, and adopted a capitalist model. None of these were normative factors of the indigenous culture of Japan;

Marriage and Dating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marriage and Dating - Essay Example Was it a consequence of parents not being concerned in choosing the one their children should date or marry Or was it for the reason that parents are so strained in choosing the partner/suitor for their child There are numerous cultures where the parents are implicated in choosing whom their children should rendezvous or who to marry. These are widespread scenarios as to traditionalists. There are some matters involved as to the reason of such conduct of parents such as cultural variety or religious wisdom but also occurrence to broken homes and just pure concern to their children. The optimistic side as to parents deciding the one you date or the one you should wed are the for the subsequent motives: your parents only fancy the finest for you; they want somebody that is maybe for them is more fine looking or presentable, reputable or for other basis; they would want a spouse that would best suite you as to ethnicity, monetary status or even political status; the affluence of the family will not be shared to of those they consider that are lesser than yours but ought to be equivalent or superior than you have is a must; or they want to follow cultural norms; or merely they believe that the person they would like would mesh well with you than the one you opt. The downside of this is how about what you would like Almost certainly being with the person they chose would be agony on your part because of indifferences as to fondness, cultures, compatibility issues and the like which may lead to unproductiveness of the connection or even break up, heart ache and eventually separation. Family sociologists have shaped a variety of theories to make clear cultural and tribal disparity in marriage. Financial resources, partner-selection course, and culture are the center notion for the most widespread of these enlightenments. Both premise and experiential scrutiny suggest that larger economic possessions allow marriage and can amplify the motivations for marriage, particularly for men (Becker, 1991; Oppenheimer, Kalmijn, and Lim, 1997; Landale and Tolnay, 1991). When we sight the whole range of history and at hand human societies matrimony can be portrayed as a ethnically accepted relationships or a amalgamation of one man and one woman that is monogamy, of one man and two or more woman which is polyandry, there is cultural support of sexual contact amid the wedded partners of the conflicting and, generally, the anticipation that children will be bear of the affiliation (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1977). To get the endorsement of the society it is essential that the unification be formed and documented in agreement with the understood mores and taboos, as in customary societies, or in agreement with standard laws, as in more urbane societies (Westermark, 1977). The tradition of marriage differs in a variety of parts of the globe and every civilization produces a marriage prototype suitable to itself (Ludlow, 1965). For Asian cultures it is ordinary to them that the parents would concur to each other that their brood should end up collectively. Maybe for the grounds of the following: keeping their affluence within the family, not allowing other backgrounds to mix with their culture, their child's hand for matrimony for trade

Frank Sinatra's Contribution to Elevating Las Vegas to its Current Essay

Frank Sinatra's Contribution to Elevating Las Vegas to its Current Status - Essay Example His professional career as musician spans over 60 years throughout which he has displayed a â€Å"remarkable ability to maintain his appeal and pursue his musical goals despite often countervailing trends† (Sinatra). However, his biggest contributions came in the state of Nevada, the city of Las Vegas. When Vegas was not the glamorous metropolis in the desert it is today, early casinos such as the Sahara and The Desert Inn relied on the star power of their headlining performers to bring guests into their door. However, mainly it is Frank Sinatra’s fabulous and captivating songs hits such as â€Å"Summer Wind† and â€Å"My Way,† with his irrefutable talent and ability to mesmerize an audience, which has led to Las Vegas’ enviable rise to fame. The legend was brought up in Hoboken, New Jersey, where he attended Demarest High School. After his graduation, he enrolled for journalism classes and later became a cub sports reporter. His mother, with her do mineering and stubborn nature, encouraged him to sing in a band. Subsequently, after a while, she got him a job, which would broadcast his talents through the WNEW station. He married Nancy Barbato in 1939 and had three children with her. During the time, he met the Frank Mane band by whom he signed a one year contract of performing together. This was the beginning of his career and he made his first recording with this band, performing the song â€Å"Our Love.† Once the contract was over, Frank coupled up with Henry James’s band in his bid to make himself a name in the music industry. With his hard work and enthusiasm, he recorded ten songs along with this band under the labels- Brunswick and Columbia. Then he received overtures from Tommy Dorsey to become a member of his band Frank realized that perhaps this was the break that he was looking for and he accepted the offer happily. Fortunately for him, this venture got him into the movie â€Å"Las Vegas Nights.† Besides, as another stroke of good luck, he was also able to top the charts for twelve weeks with the song â€Å"I’ll never smile again.† The Billboard and Downbeat magazines, which were dominant authorities in music ratings, featured him with high ranks among the singers of that period. He was really rising to fame, achieving so much in such short time. Within a span of just three years, 23 of his songs were among the top ten on Billboard. He then left the Dorsey band and started solo music. By this time he had acquired thousands of fans, known as ‘Bobby Soxers.’ When he made an appearance in the Paramount theatre, everyone got so wild that the crowd was literally uncontrollable. Next in Sinatra’s agenda came his debut at the Hollywood Bowl and Madison Square Garden, when he was under the contract of Columbia Records. It is relevant to note here that when a person attain certain level of a celebrity status, the town or city he hails from or lives in, also becomes a center of attraction for the masses as well as media. Thus, Sinatra’s fame also began to make Las Vegas a place of attraction. Celebrities like Gregory Peck has endorsed that Sinatra and his band need to be credited for the everlasting â€Å"sense of free-floating fun and frolic that captured the imagination of the world† (Weatherford par. 4). On the other hand, Lt Gov Lorrain Hung claims that â€Å"

Racial Inequality in the Criminal Justice System

Racial Inequality in the Criminal Justice System There is a recurrent pattern that involves law enforcement agencies and the African American communities that is questioning the police conduct, especially because of the recent shootings in Ferguson and New York City. One cant rationally discuss the issues of race within the criminal justice system without looking back at history and why the issue of race is not diminishing. The United States has an infamous history of slavery, the Jim Crow laws, and many other racially based inequalities that make it apparent that race does play an important factor in many parts of the criminal just system. The purpose of this paper is to recognize what role race and media play within the criminal justice system. This paper will discuss the history of African Americans within the justice system and whether racial biases exist and if racial neutrality is even achievable. A study of race and the criminal justice system is incomplete without acknowledging the way slavery and its abolition played into the relationship. Based on author Chaney and Robertson’s article titled Can We All Get Along?† even when the slaves were legally freed, their individual, ancestral, and shared status in society remained extremely weak. The authors also state that whites created the black codes, which were laws, statues, and rules, which allowed members of this group to reclaim control over the freed slaves, and uphold white supremacy, and safeguard the continued supply of cheap labor (Chaney Robertson, 2014). Some of these codes of behaviors included; vagrancy, absenteeism from work, violation of job contracts, the possession of firearms, and insulting gestures or acts. Such acts were common at the time making these laws unguarded to interpretation and easy manipulation, which meant that black people became easily targeted and punished (Chaney Robertson,   2014). While the Thirteenth Amendment passed the constitutional principle of convict leasing began. It was meant to abolish slavery and involuntary confinement however it was permitted as a form of punishment for a crime. Therefore, many blacks in the south went from being slaves to criminals, whose freedom was quickly and legally taken away by the same constitutional amendment that was believed to have protected that freedom. The number of confined blacks increased, and so did the common belief of black criminality (Slavery in the United States). The racial separation of America’s criminal justice system had begun. Furthermore, the 1950s and ‘60s were a time of great social eruption and change. Millions gathered together to fight for racial equality and justice at a time when there were almost little of both (Johnson, 2014). The times produced notable leaders of change like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. These two exceptional leaders, with a vision of change, alongside the aid of millions of others, motivated the charge in demanding American principles of racism, discrimination, and segregation to come under question and challenge. Author Michelle Alexander argues in â€Å"The New Jim Crow† (2011) that racist white interests began a call for a disciplinary crackdown on crime that was easily linked to the Civil Rights Movement. Riots and the social distress following Martin Luther King Jr.’s murder intensified this effect, and â€Å"the racial imagery associated with, gave fuel to the argument that civil rights for African Americans led to widespread crime† (Alexander,  2011) The riots and public disorder epidemic during these times were often the result of police brutality, a fact confirmed by the findings of the National Commission on Civil Disorders, but those wanting to dishonor the Civil Rights Movement gave slight credit to such accusations and dismissed them most of the time (Weaver, 2007). According to author Weaver, it is at this time that so-called â€Å"frontlash† empowers the elites to form new systems that whereas on the outside seem irrelevant in upholding the status q uo, however, work together to continue it cunningly. It is in this era the United States would find its early foundation and strategy used in the criminal justice system, as the basis to control African Americans, that race which is an undeniable proof does matter in the criminal justice system. The1980’s and the war on drugs didn’t help the race inequality within the criminal justice system but hurt it even more. Although both blacks and whites use cocaine, one form received a much harsher sentence of punishment. The harsher sentence was for crack cocaine, which was used mainly by blacks (Provine, 2011). This was a huge discrepancy in the sentencing guidelines. Furthermore, the role of the media surrounding race disparity didn’t help lesson but heightened it even more. According to author Trujillo (2012) the newspapers and magazines all reported that this was an epidemic similar to a plaque on the society. Additionally, author Alexander (2010) states that the articles played up the racial stereotypes and fixated on racial cartoons such as â€Å"the black crack whore and gangbanger.† Although President Obama did sign the Fair Sentencing Act in 2010 that lessened the crack/powder sentencing disparity, some may blame crack as the assumed link to cri me and violence as the reason for the sentencing disparities between the two (whitehouse.gov). The media also hurt the viewpoint of the society towards blacks and gave a face to the drug war’s number one enemy the black crack users and the sellers. However, it was and is law enforcement officers who pursue and arrest the criminals who are prosecuted under disciplinary drug legislation. Thus racial profiling became acceptable and widespread under the pretext of the drug war, which plays a huge role in the racial disparities that have defined the criminal justice system for years. This idea of black criminality is reproduced and perpetuated by the mass media in order to get ratings. Studies of news coverage have emphasized the criminal tenor of news reports highlighting African Americans. Media often depict African-American men and boys, as criminals, crime victims and predators. These stereotypes, according to social justice supporters, can generate a racially charged atmosphere that results in violence such as the shooting death of teenager Michal Brown (Sanders, 2012). Therefore, when the media portrays blacks and especially black men as criminal or violent, it can further strengthen the already negative views that the public holds about them. Just because blacks are arrested more for a particular crime does not inevitably mean that they actually commit that crime regularly. Rather, it could be biased police methods that lead to more arrests of blacks than of whites, and actual criminality may have little to do with it. In conclusion, Americans like to uphold values of equality and justice for all, however, until the criminal justice system is truly equal not based on race or ethnicity, equality, and justice will not be achieved. As long as African Americans fear police officers and as long as imprisonment is an ordinary life encounter for many of them, equality and justice are not feasible. As long as racial profiling is allowed as a suitable form of law enforcement, equality and justice are not possible. Change may not come effortlessly and may come slowly, but it is achievable. Until the whole society sees each other as an equal, there will be no justice in the criminal justice system. References Chaney, c., Robertson, r. v. (2014). Can We All Get Along? Blacks Historical and Contemporary (In) Justice With Law Enforcement. Western Journal Of Black Studies, 38(2), 108-122. Slavery in the United States | Academic Room. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.academicroom.com/topics/slavery-united-stateshttp://www.academicroom.com/topics/slavery-united-states Russell, K. K. (1998). The Color of Crime : Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment, and Other Macroaggressions. New York: New York University Press Johnson, P. M. (2014). Reinterpretations of Freedom and Emancipation, Civil Rights and Assimilation, and the Continued Struggle for Social and Political Change. Western Journal Of Black Studies, 38(3), 184-194 Alexander,M. (2011). The new Jim Crow. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 9(1), 7-26.Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic Weaver, V. M. (2007). Frontlash: Race and the development of punitive crime policy. Studies in American Political Development, 21(2), 230-265. Retrieved March 24 2015, from http://www.ebonterr.com/site_editor/assets/EBONTERR_41.pdf Provine,D. (2011). Race and inequality in the war on drugs. Annual Review of Law Social Science, 7, 41-65. Trujillo,J. (2012). Media laugh off criticism of drug war. Extra!, 25(12), 6-7. President Obama Signs the Fair Sentencing Act | The White House. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/08/03/president-obama-signs-fair-sentencing-act Sanders, J, (2012). Media Portrayals of Black Youths Contribute to Racial Tension | The Maynard Institute for Journalism Education. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://mije.org/mmcsi/general/media’s-portrayal-black-youths-contributes-racial-tension

Turkeys Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics E

Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics The country of Turkey, slightly larger than Texas in size (780,580 sq km), lies on the southeastern side of Europe and the southwestern side of Asia.? It borders the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.? Land wise, Turkey is bordered to the northwest by Bulgaria and Greece, to the east by Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia (all three part of the former USSR) and Iran, and to the south by Iraq and Syria.? Strategically located, Turkey controls the Turkish straights including the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles.? Because Turkey is positioned on an area where Europe meets Asia and is very close geographically to Africa, the country provides a link between these three continents. The European part of the country is named Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia.? Throughout history, Turkey, especially Anatolia, has been a prominent center of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides (?Tur key at a Glance?).? Additionally, Turkey?s geographical location plays an important role in the geo-politics of Europe and Asia not just as a crucial land bridge between Europe and Asia but as an integral part of the prosperous Mediterranean economy, a center for trade, and a critical link to the sea for Russia and the Ukraine.? In the past, Turkey?s geographic location has been the center of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and has acted as a fortress against an expanding Soviet Union and more recently an expanding Iraq (Larson). Turkey?s Role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom? Within the past year, Turkey has played a vital role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United ... ...ews. 10 Dec. 2003 Stanford, Dick. ?Panel Discussion, Turkey's Relationship and Foreign Policy Issues with ?her Neighbors and the European Union.? 12 June 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003.< http://facweb.furman.edu/~dstanford/med04/topic3.htm> Stanford, Dick. ?Water Control Issues in the Eastern Mediterranean region.? 13 June ? 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003. ?Turkey at a Glance.? Google. 10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey Belongs in Europe.? The Economist 7 Dec. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. ?10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey, Iraq, Sign Protocol to Boost Trade.? Turkish Daily News 22 Nov. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. 10 Dec. 2003 Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics E Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics The country of Turkey, slightly larger than Texas in size (780,580 sq km), lies on the southeastern side of Europe and the southwestern side of Asia.? It borders the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.? Land wise, Turkey is bordered to the northwest by Bulgaria and Greece, to the east by Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia (all three part of the former USSR) and Iran, and to the south by Iraq and Syria.? Strategically located, Turkey controls the Turkish straights including the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles.? Because Turkey is positioned on an area where Europe meets Asia and is very close geographically to Africa, the country provides a link between these three continents. The European part of the country is named Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia.? Throughout history, Turkey, especially Anatolia, has been a prominent center of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides (?Tur key at a Glance?).? Additionally, Turkey?s geographical location plays an important role in the geo-politics of Europe and Asia not just as a crucial land bridge between Europe and Asia but as an integral part of the prosperous Mediterranean economy, a center for trade, and a critical link to the sea for Russia and the Ukraine.? In the past, Turkey?s geographic location has been the center of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and has acted as a fortress against an expanding Soviet Union and more recently an expanding Iraq (Larson). Turkey?s Role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom? Within the past year, Turkey has played a vital role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United ... ...ews. 10 Dec. 2003 Stanford, Dick. ?Panel Discussion, Turkey's Relationship and Foreign Policy Issues with ?her Neighbors and the European Union.? 12 June 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003.< http://facweb.furman.edu/~dstanford/med04/topic3.htm> Stanford, Dick. ?Water Control Issues in the Eastern Mediterranean region.? 13 June ? 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003. ?Turkey at a Glance.? Google. 10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey Belongs in Europe.? The Economist 7 Dec. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. ?10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey, Iraq, Sign Protocol to Boost Trade.? Turkish Daily News 22 Nov. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. 10 Dec. 2003

Transition from Early Years

This assignment is based upon my understanding of child development and children’s learning, considering the curriculum for the Early Years and the curriculum for the Early Years Foundation Stage/Key Stage One. I propose to outline a rationale for effectively continuing children’s learning, from the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage into Year One and include strategies to support transitions, effective curriculum delivery and links between the EYFS and the National Curriculum. Throughout the assignment I will refer not only in general but also to how my research has help me as a practitioner help my setting to effectively continue children’s learning. Looking at Government reports about transition from the Foundation Stage to Key Stage One, Ofsted nationally identified issues between reception and Key stage One practice. In 2004 they produced a report entitled Transition from the Reception Year to Year 1 (Ofsted 2004). Findings suggested that there was not enough consideration relating to the Foundation Stage and Year One curriculum. Ofsted recommended the following ‘point for action’ â€Å"Schools which admit pupils to the Foundation Stage should ensure that learning experiences in Year One build upon practical approaches and structured play in Year R (Reception) (Ofsted 2004:3) The Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and research from the National Foundation for Education Research (NFER) identified the biggest challenge to transition, as the EYFS curriculum is play based, Key Stage One is a more structured curriculum. They found that some children were worried about moving into Year One because of the amount of work expected and the length of time they were expected to sit and listen to the teacher. The government decided to produce a guidance document entitled Continuing the Learning Journey (NAA 2005) which is attended to support schools and Local Authorities in working towards improving transitions between the Foundation Stage and Key Stage One. The Foundation Co-ordinator and Year One teacher from school attended this course about two yeas ago and have tried to improve the transitions between our unit and Key Stage One. More recently the Head and Deputy Head teachers have attended several courses relating to the Proposal of the New Primary Curriculum. Sir Jim Rose has proposed a number of changes to the New Curriculum which will impact on transition and include moving away from Primary subjects and towards new ‘areas of learning’ that are intended to be linked to the EYFS. A number of staff meetings have taken place within our school discussing the review of the New Primary curriculum with all Teachers and hopefully will be implemented across the whole school as soon as possible this depending upon the forthcoming election. Unit meetings have started to take place enabling Foundation Staff and Year One staff to look at how the EYFS and the New Primary Curriculum objectives overlap/link enabling Year One teachers to continue each individual child’s learning journey. All teachers know that children are different, each one having their own ‘Unique’ individual needs. When a child leaves the Foundation Stage and enters Key stage one, they have not necessarily achieved all the objectives in their profile and therefore are not ready to access the Year one National Curriculum. I can see little benefit to any child beginning Year One Numeracy and Literacy objectives, in particular, with children who are not ready in terms of ability and maturity. It makes far better sense to begin Year One with the children’s profiles and to allow time for each child to achieve all the profile objectives before launching into the more demanding Year One objectives. If you look at the PSRN and CLL objectives for the latter part of the Early Years Foundation Stage and Numeracy and Literacy for Year One term one, there is an overlap, with the Early Years Foundation Stage goals including some of the National Curriculum level One. Similarly, there are objectives in the Early Years Foundation Stage profiles in other areas of learning which overlap with the Year one objectives in Science, History and Geography, ICT, Design technology and RE – KUW. PSHE and citizenship – PSED. Music, art, drama and creativity – CD and Physical development-PD. In addition, simply because a child moves from the Foundation Stage into Key Stage One shouldn’t mean that the curriculum ceases being active. Young children learn best when they are engaged in worthwhile, hands on experiences. On the same premise, play does not have to end but it needs to be teacher initiated and led in order to be of much educational value, for instance, children are unlikely to spell words correctly, if there isn’t a teacher to help sound out the letters in the word. Ros Bayley and Sally Featherstone are writers on teaching and learning have written a book entitled Smooth Transitions. In it they state ‘a three year olds brain is twice as active as an adult brain and this level of activity continues to the age of 9 or 10. Children develop 50% of their eventual ability to learn before the age of 4 and another 30% before they are 8. Adult interaction and physical activity continue to make a massive difference to learning during childhood’ When measuring the difference between boys and girls they found that ‘most girls have made sufficient links to their brains to begin the complex skills of reading and writing by the time they are four and a half while in most boys it is nearer to six’ They also say that research from all over the world tells us that children learn best from doing and that boys are â€Å"doers†. If we want boys to succeed in the Foundation Stage and into Key Stage One we must allow them to develop through an active curriculum. Bayley and Featherstone conclude that everything we know about the brain is consistent with the guidance for the Foundation Stage. We must use that knowledge in Key Stage One and use it to shape how we teach rather than what we teach. There will also be children in Foundation Stage who by the end of the year are already accessing aspects of Year One curriculum. This is sometimes of particular significance for the summer-born Foundation Stage children, who may turn five right at the end of the Foundation Stage year therefore close liaison between staff regarding the academic and personal aspects of each child’s development is absolutely vital. The detailed knowledge that support staff have of the children as people and learners should be shared. Time and effort invested in this will help with differentiation, as well as children’s wellbeing, on entry into Year One. As part of my research, I visited the Year One class teacher in our school to establish how she plans for the transition from the Early Years Foundation Stage into Year One and to get her views about whether the transition process the school has in place is a ‘seamless journey’ or if there was more staff could do to improve this. One of the Year One teacher’s worries as I am sure is the same with most Year One teachers is the pressure she feels under to achieve outcomes to get children ready for Year Two Standard Assessment Tests (SATS). But as from this year our school has abolished not only Year two but Year Six SATS as well. This will ease the pressure enabling her to concentrate more on the transition period and continuing each child’s learning journey. The transition process we have in place for starting Nursery and reception is, I believe a ‘seamless journey ’ The Early Years Foundation Unit recognise that the transition from the home to Nursery and Nursery to Reception class is an important step in a child’s school life and it is our intention to make this a positive experience for every child. We endeavour to provide our children with a smooth transition from home to Nursery and Nursery to Reception Class. Yewdale Early Years Foundation Unit brochure 2009/10) however my opinion is that the transition from The Early Years Foundation Unit to Year One has not been successful, perhaps this is because that since I have been working in the Unit, big changes have taken place; The Foundation co coordinator leaves, an NQT takes over reception class and the role of EYFS coordinator (who has made a huge impact to the unit and who has become a great team Leader and friend), a new head teacher takes over the school and the Nursery and Reception classes merge to become a Early Years Foundation Unit and the Year One teacher is on maternity leave. This module I believe has helped me to make a positive contribution to the whole school approach about how we are going to help the children leaving the Early Years Foundation Unit have a smooth transition into Year one. Meetings have taken place between the Early Years coordinator and foundation staff and the Year One teacher and teaching assistant to discuss as a team, strategies to support transitions and to imply them during the summer term. Taking into consideration, the aim of the EYFS, is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes therefore by looking at the Every Child Matters document focusing on the five outcomes be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being I believe that by ensuring that children grow up to lead a safe, happy, healthy and successful life the transition strategy process should be; Be Healthy: Guidelines in place to ensure pupils physical and emotional health. Children are supported through the transition period by ensuring that Year One Staff have a full and accurate picture of each child’s needs prior to teaching them. During the Summer Term children have an opportunity to visit their new classes and meet their new teachers and stay for short visits and for the Year One teacher to visit in the reception class where the children are in familiar secure surroundings. Year One children have timetabled sessions in the Reception Outdoor area, the Year One class does not have access to their own outdoor area, and this enables hysical activity to take place in familiar surroundings. Stay Safe: The school to provide a safe environment and ensures that pupils know the school’s expectations for conduct and behaviour. Foundation Stage Unit Classes use the Key Stage One playground at lunch times throughout the school year and at playtimes during the Summer Term. This enables the children to become familiar with the rules and routines of Year One rules. From the Spring Term children in the Foundation Stage, reception age children only have access to morning playtimes and dinnertime playtimes. Enjoy and Achieve: The school provides an environment and atmosphere in which pupils feel safe and happy, and therefore can enjoy and achieve within the school environment. Children should see similar areas of provision in the Year One classroom e. g. role play, construction, sand/water, writing materials, well organised and accessible resources, staff working together, children should experience a similar environment. Learning through first hand experiences and being able to learn outside. The Year One class has got similar continuous provision areas to the Early Years Foundation Unit, which includes role play, sand/water, creative, construction, small world, reading area and access to laptops. They do not have access to their own outdoor area, this is the case in many schools, but do have three outdoor ‘playtimes’ a day two with Reception and Key stage one and one at lunch time with the whole school. Resources in Year One should be built up to reflect the Reception classes and more kinaesthetic experiences have been woven into the curriculum. The Foundation Unit and Year One class conduct PSHE and Circle Time Sessions using the SEAL/SEAD Programme and provide opportunities to share children’s thoughts and feelings regarding transition into Year One and to incorporate a variety of learning styles into Foundation Stage and Year One planning to engage all children, I think it is very important as a practitioner to take time to find out how the children in your care feel, therefore by giving them opportunities to express their feelings through drawing, painting or writing will help us to make their journey as seamless as possible. Make a Positive Contribution: Pupils are supported and helped to develop socially and emotionally through Circle Time (SEAL), classroom rules and routines and the schools’ Behaviour Policy. From Reception children are able to represent their class through the forum of the School Council so that pupils’ voices are heard. These meetings are held weekly and discussed with the rest of the school during assembly times. Achieve Economic Well-Being: Aim to provide good quality education and to prepare pupils for the future. Looking at the continuity of teaching and learning an effective curriculum delivery, in the Summer Term Reception Classes should begin to take on some elements of the more formal aspects of learning, whilst still engaging in active learning experiences. This continues in the Autumn Term of Year One and beyond. Reception and Year One staff liaise closely during the Autumn Term to ensure that the needs of individual children are fully understood in context and therefore met, within the educational setting of the classroom and the school. The new primary curriculum builds on the principles of the Early Years Foundation Stage and promotes play-based learning. In the early stage the content of the curriculum is generic to the area of learning therefore the curriculum is now more reflective of the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum and builds on and extends the experiences children have had during the Foundation Stage by planning for a variety of learning styles, such as role play, and imaginative play, visits and visitors, practical activities. Children’s personal and independent learning should be encouraged through opportunity to choose activities and resources, so encouraging their ability to make decisions and own their own work. This is already happening in the Foundation Unit and so supports the transition process. Data from the Foundation Stage Profiles is used to inform planning and assessment processes in Year One. The Year one teacher will look at the Foundation Stage profiles and start by ‘filling in the gaps’ as stated where children have not attained the Early Learning Goals by the end of the Reception years, Year 1 teachers should ensure gradual and smooth transition from the foundation ethos to the more structures, teacher-directed ethos of Key Stage,(Lesley Staggs, 2004) this can only be done if their learning journeys including foundation profile data are forwarded to her and that each child’s learning and personal needs are fully discussed with the Year One teacher. The teacher can then start to find out as much as she can about the child as a learner and to use the information to plan the next steps. Children in the Reception class with Special Educational Needs who receive one to one support or are part of our morning Nurture group, the transition will be handled sensitively to ensure support continues in Year One if appropriate. It is equally important that parents/carers are informed and asked about how they feel about the transition not only for their children but how they feel themselves. All families are important and should be welcomed and valued in all settings (EYFS 2. 2, 2008) Schools should have a very strong ethos of volunteer parental help within the classroom and in the school as a whole. This is well established in our Foundation Stage Unit and continues throughout Key Stage One and beyond. This tradition supports children in their transition between Key Stages. Parents/carers in the Early Years Foundation Unit and Key Stage One are offered the opportunity to attend a Family Learning free 14 hour course to help them to recognise how children develop number skills through play. It is designed to support parents in helping their child to achieve their full potential at school. During the Autumn term there will be a literacy based course held. Parents/carers will from this year receive a Key Stage One Booklet produced by the school at the beginning of the Autumn Term that supports parents in understanding the changes their child will experience, and so be able to support them during and after the summer school holidays in making the transition. Parent’s Evenings are held three times a year given opportunities for staff parents/carers to discuss child’s development and any concerns. In addition to this the Foundation Unit encourages an ‘Open Door’ policy where parents are welcome to come and discuss their concerns and their child’s needs at any time during the school year. This applies in Year One too. It is also important to remember that after the transition has taken place, Foundation Stage and Key Stage One Co-ordinators work with their teams to ensure that the transition Policy is implemented effectively and Foundation Stage and Key Stage One staff meet regularly throughout the year to discuss the progress of both groups and individual children in both Key Stages. In conclusion, I feel that by carrying out research before and during this module has helped me to understand the great importance of a smooth transition for children in the Foundation Unit moving to Key stage One and not only does it involve the children but also various staff members and parents/carers. It involves time, thought and commitment to ensure that it is a positive experience for all children and can only be a success by Foundation Staff and Year One staff working closely together. We are still in the early stages in our school at introducing new ways of working together as a team to produce a seam-free transition for every child, I think so far so good! We are coming to the end of Summer term one and strategies are in place for Summer Term Two including a draft copy of a Transition Policy. Unless the transition is well managed children may become disengaged, learning could be impeded and there may be a consequent rise in poor behaviour as children struggle to adapt to a different and more formal approach. (DFES 2004)

Blue Ridge Spain Essay Example

Blue Ridge Spain Essay Example Blue Ridge Spain Paper Blue Ridge Spain Paper Overall comments: need to tie narrative to terms/concepts from the book. Should stratify comments into uncontrollable and controllable forces. (like Todd did) Although Blue Ridge Restaurants had success with expansion and joint ventures in Australia, the UK, France, Italy, Brazil and Hong Kong through 1987, many differing factors were at play when Yannis Costas evaluated the market and strategy for the Spain in the 1ate 1990s. Factors described by D. A.Ball, et al, 1, considered relevant in a country screening and assessing market expansion, especially the xx screen, political and legal and the fourth screen, socio-cultural, were not favorable for an aggressive expansion in Spain. The key issues in the Delta Foods expansion in Spain are: Probe deeper on these questions: 1. What are the expertise strengths and unique resources that each partner brought to the joint venture? 2. Why does or doesn’t Blue Ridge need a joint venture in Spain? 3. Why does or doesnt Terralumen need a partner to develop such a business in Spain? Environment for joint venture * Peculiarities for doing business in Spain-failure to use value chain analysis What was the competitive cost position at the end of the value chain? * Terralumen is a package good company looking for restaurant partner * Market demand-package foods industry and non-tapas menu items popular with working professionals in urban areas only * Pressing Spaniards on American goals * Spanish economic trials of 1998-2004 * Lack of implementation plan-see keys to resource deployment Impedances: Socio-Cultural Fear of being exploited * Explain uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity concepts for Terralumen and BR/Delta Cultural differences, as related to doing business, come into play here in the Blue Ridge case Study. Significant cross cultural conflicts between parent companies of different nationalities paved the way for the dissolution of the joint venture between Delta and Terralumen. In a Board of Director’s meeting, the American-Spanish joint venture partners could not work together or agree on common goals and policies, or resolve problems. The Hofstede Model has demonstrated that individuals living in a particular country tend to share similar values, and that they bring these values to the firms for which they work. The stark contrast of cultural values between managers of Delta and Terralumen make it difficult to ensure the success and the longevity of Blue Ridge Spain The European Regional Director, Yannis Costas, is of Greek nationality. According to Hofstede, Greece is high on power distance and high on uncertainty avoidance. In the Greek culture, people respect senior manager and would not prefer a young inexperienced manager. On the one hand Costas has put much effort into the joint venture and identifies with his work. That’s why he wants to help Blue Ridge. On the other hand, he has a good relationship to the Spaniards who value his ability to establish an interpersonal relationship which can also be traced back to his Greek roots. Decisions are made on subjective feelings and he wants a harmonious balance, a consensus. Overall, he is rather on the side of the Spaniards. As a Greek, Costas values the solid interpersonal relationship and trust which he and Francisco Alvarez had built over the years in trying to foster a successful joint venture. Costas was often employed to solve conflicts and mend damaged relationships. He also questioned the ethics of his company’s strategy to secretly achieve the upper hand in buyout negotiations. Alvarez, representing Terralumen, is from Spain. He shares many similar cultural characteristics with Costas, including patience and mutual respect. This explains how Costas and Alvarez have come to establish solid friendship and cooperation throughout the joint venture Add: Impedences: Ethics * Avoid retelling the facts of the case * Is there something in the Donaldson article on ethics? Geoff Dryden and the company he represented faced the ethical dilemma of how one should act when cross the national boundaries; with unfamiliar law and unclear ethical conduct he faced, one should question Geoff conduct. Geoff who had no overseas experience was transferred from US Delta snack food division to Europe had secretly made suggestion to let Terralumen default on its debt so that they can force a buyout. Geoff and Delta did not act ethically by pursuing this strategy which showed ethical imperialism of individual and the company which allowed it to happen; one should not act differently when away from home. People’s perception would be affected if they knew that Delta had intensionally let the other could have financial implication In addition, another unethical moment came from Bill Sawyer when he deceived Costas by suggesting that the company will be hiring someone with experience but in turn they hired someone with very little experience compared to Costas’s. The core values establish a moral compass for business practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I honesty and integrity is a universal practice and by Bill’s actions and company’s tolerance of it, it represented low level of ethical standard for himself and the company that did not allow full disclosure in hiring process. Also Terralumen had decided to give power of attorney to one individual who can make a decision that will impact the entire joint venture existence; this decision represent unethical practice for the company. Terralumen should have full disclosure practice that would allow for all critical decision been communicated among joint venture. This practice would have allowed other members a chance to evaluate the decision taken by Terralumen and see what impacts will it have on the existing joint venture. To give the power of attorney to Francisco Alvarez without consultation of other member of joint venture represented unethical act. While the culture and personality of the decision makers impact the important choices made in cases like this one, equally important are the countless spreadsheets and documents that contain the financial factors integral to the success or failure of an international business affair. The original development plan agreed to in 1998 (exhibit 2) was a far more conservative approach that would see approximately ten new stores per year opened in Spain. With an initial capital investment of around $1 million per store, and a lengthy 18-24 period between the time of investment and the construction of the location, the venture would be operating on very thin margins in the early years, with the hope that the continued expansion would lead to higher profits in the latter years of the plan. Financial Analysis Insert your sources/citings Delta’s overly aggressive growth strategy set a goal at expanding at three times the pace of the 1998 agreement. Delta’s decision to utilize a consulting firm based in the U. S. might have been a contributing factor to this unrealistic goal. As Bell (2010) states, sometimes management needs to gather data in the potential market rather than just using desk and field reports. For example, the American consultants might not have been privy to the key money costs of around $100k paid off-the-books to property owners at the signing. With a goal of opening thirty stores per year, this would add an additional $3 million per year in expenses in addition to the other costly expenses. It would’ve also behooved the Delta consultants to consider the uncontrollable economic forces that were going to come into play with their expansion plans. While there were some key economic indicators in Spain working in Delta’s favor, such as a GDP went from just under 3. 5% in early 1997 to over 4. % in early 1998, there were also some warning signs that should have lead them to temper expectations in this market . One of these warning signs deals with Spain’s unemployment rate. As shown by the chart below, Spain’s unemployment rate during this time period was hovering around 20%, although it was beginning to show signs of improvement. While this might be a sign of many possible new hires to work in the restaurants, it also signals a rather weak economy and a potential dearth of customers. Some of the controllable forces that Delta could have adjusted their approach to help the joint venture deal with the exorbitant royalties and fees the company desired to collect from its Spanish partner right from the get-go. Squeezing the restaurants for this money in the early stages of expansions could have a demoralizing and costly effect on the local managers as they attempted to build their business and compete against better known Spanish restaurants. The growth strategy into Germany and France seems to be an overly optimistic one, as well. Blue Ridge already had failed at one attempt to enter the French market, and Germany has a culture vastly different than Spain. How could Delta prognosticate having 55 stores within three years in a country where the business model had been an abject failure years before? Without proper planning and a gradual implementation to determine whether the restaurant could succeed in these markets, the company could be faced with an overburdened agenda that could sink the entire plan. Other U. S. ompanies, such as Wal-Mart, learned this lesson the hard way. 1 Ball, D. A. , Geringer, J. M. , Minor, M. S. , and McNett, J. M. (2010) (Assessing and Analyzing Markets) International Business: the Challenge of Global Competition, (12th ed. ) pp 427-464, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin 2 Donaldson, T â€Å"Values in Tension: Ethics Away From Home. † Reprint No. 96502. Harvard Business Review, 2010. ,65 pg 69-72. coursesmart. com/9781609272852/firstsection#X2ludGVybmFsX1BGUmVhZGVyP3htbGlkPTk3 ODE2MDkyNzI4NTIvNzI=

Critos Arguments to Plato Essays

Critos Arguments to Plato Essays Critos Arguments to Plato Essay Critos Arguments to Plato Essay Essay Topic: Arguments Although Crito has many valid and argumentative reasons for Socrates to escape, he is steadfast in his beliefs and dies a martyr. Crito has three main arguments for Socrates to escape his imprisonment. Crito’s first argument is that if Socrates does not escape from prison he would loose a dear friend. There is also the fact that Crito’s reputation would be hurt for not helping his friend escape from jail. The second argument that Crito has is that he fears that Socrates does not want to escape because he does not want to have his friends endure the same punishment that he will. Meanwhile his friends are willing to suffer the consequences of their actions. Socrates responds to this with Crito also mentions that it is fairly easy to pay off the guards who would rat them out. Critos third and final argument to Socrates is that of his children and how he is to be responsible for them and how it is his responsibility to raise them and educate them. â€Å"Shrodes 786† Socrates argues with Crito that it is never good to do injustice. Helping Socrates escape would certainly be doing an injustice and that is why Socrates does not want to escape. Almost all of the arguments Crito gives to Socrates are that regarding the public and what they would think of Socrates had he escaped. Socrates being quite intelligent and a very smart man realizes that he should listen to what he believes and not what the public does and stay and be a martyr. Yes I think Socrates was right in saying what he said about if he escaped how he wouldn’t be considered a martyr and if he did how the people would look down upon him and his name.

Should same sex marriage be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should same sex marriage be legal - Essay Example The sensitivity of the topic entirely depends upon the psychology of an individual. In this regard, it has been depicted that there are various thoughts being determined against the notion ‘Should same sex marriage be legal’ (Baird & Rosenbaum, 2004; Heimbach, n.d.). Severe debate is on-going in the recent time regarding the legalizing the same sex marriage. Many scholars have proposed their valuable views regarding the issue. Many arguments have been put regarding legalizing same sex marriage but the issue does not seem to reach at rationale conclusion. Correspondingly, this paper intends to an argument against ‘should same sex marriage be legal’. In many of the countries, amendments have been framed with regard to the legalisation with a motive to support and provide benefit to the homosexual couples. In this regard, it has been further discussed that this policy or regulation is getting preference on the basis of the equality rights. Recent scenario depicts about the proclamation associated with the rising demands of the people associated with the homosexual marriages. The movement pertaining to the same sex marriage in recent scenario has turned out to be psychological matters rather than civil rights Thus, arguments for legalizing same sex marriage has been drawn in the light of changing marriage trend and legal standpoint. Marriage predominately rest on the pillar of love and affection. It is usually revealing care for each other. In other words, the notion of marriage does not rely on the realm of government and social bodies or religious ideologies. It can be argued that homosexual marriage do not harm anybody. Besides, it has been observed that there are many heterosexual couples those are without child. In this aspect, it can be further discussed that homosexual couples is likely to adopt children, which is will

The importance of sustainable purchasing and supply Essay

The importance of sustainable purchasing and supply - Essay Example It can also be stated that purchasing and supply operations on a long term basis enable the organisations to gain greater stability and generate substantial profits. The paper intends to discuss the perception of procurement and the benefits of effective purchasing and supply in a business. Various aspects like the significance of the association between a good purchaser and a supplier, the notion of competitive advantage and how the selection of a reliable supplier is such an important issue in generating competitive advantage will also be discussed in the paper. 1. Concept of Procurement Procurement is the process of obtaining new products or services. It is often regarded as a strategic role for different organisations belonging to both public along with private sectors. It has been viewed to be a dynamic process that covers several significant activities relating to supply chain that comprise generating contracts, purchasing and performing logistical functions (Bower, 2003). It h as been apparently observed that the procurement process includes certain fundamental inputs in the form of physical structure like raw materials that is required for preserving the product standards and maintain greater product reliability supporting the organisations to accomplish superior competitive position. The process of procurement also consists certain other wide ranging aspects that include storing, receiving and inspecting among others. The process also signifies the requisition as well as the acquisition of materials. The perception of procurement generates a logical meaning that indicates to supply the right materials to the correct person and at a precise time. It can also be viewed that an effective process of purchasing or procurement assists an organisation in decreasing the costs and maintaining the quality of the products along with mitigating the risks linked with supply chain management. Moreover, effectual procurement would also enable the organisations to gene rate greater productivity, broader availability of raw materials and mitigate the risks relating to inventory levels of products (Altekar, 2005). In this similar concern, the aspect of sustainable procurement can be considered as a significant aspect as a form of business activity in this modern day context. It is regarded as a process through which considerable savings can be done with respect to decrease in the waste materials, increase in the efficiency of the business along with gaining greater competitiveness. Various oil companies have generally adopted sustainable procurement programs such as investing much upon transportation facilities and networking with the intention of competing with their major market competitors. It also develops the economy by offering employment facilities and sourcing organisation (Mahadevan, 2010). 2. Benefits of Effective Purchasing and Supply Effective purchasing and supply can be principally determined as one of the imperative elements in the pr ocess of supply chain mana

Writer's selection Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writer's selection - Personal Statement Example She reminded me that I would become a resourceful person that everyone in the society would be looking for if I By inculcating good virtues into my lifestyle if I would inculcate good virtues into my lifestyle. As far as picking ‘Communications’ as my major is concerned, I have to admit that I had considered reasons in my mind at the time I was joining Seattle community College. In this respect, I have to mention that my very first reason was to be able to interact with all the diversified persons living in Hong Kong. Fundamentally, Hong Kong is a metropolitan with diverse cultures that are autonomous hence ‘communications’ will play a major role when it comes to meeting new people from various backgrounds. The second reason as to why I chose communications as my major is the fact that I like to get out of the comfort zone. This was particularly evident when visited Los Angeles for 3 weeks in July 2010 as an exchange student. I deemed it essential to learn certain skills of communicating with various personalities. Lastly but more importantly, I picked communications as my major is because I like communicating with people and discovering new things. When it comes to my professional experience, I find it worthy to mention that I have participated in quite a number of initiatives that have added significant value to my personal and professional life. For instance, between January 2013 and March 2013, I volunteered as a teaching assistant at ACRS (Asian Counseling and Referral Services). In that capacity and organization, I acquired excellent interpersonal and interpersonal skills. Moreover, I carried on with the volunteering work from April 2013 to June 2013 Arts Corps. I gained invaluable knowledge during the two-month period that I still hold dear to date. My third place where I gained invaluable experience was at CJR where held the position of an Education Consultant. In this position, I played several roles including

Anselm and Aquinas Perspective Essay Example for Free

Anselm and Aquinas Perspective Essay Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas had conceptualized their own justification for the existence of God. For Anselm, he chiefly indicated his strong defense of intellectual foundations of Christianity under the concept of â€Å"ontological argument† for the existence of God. Anselm argued that the existence of God is not only in human minds but rather in reality. The idea of Proslogion had become the main argument of Anselm, which he used in order to defend his idea of God’s existence. The idea of ontological proof of had considered the concept of justifying the logic behind the existence of God. On the other hand, the ideas of Aquinas had provided significant approach of cosmological theology in order to prove the existence of God. Aquinas had utilized the five components of reason that justify God’s existence in a logical perspective. Discussion Ontological Proof of Anselm The ontological argument of Anselm considered the idea of Proslogion, which argued the logical being of God. According to the perspective of Anselm, the being of God is so evident that the definition present in the character of God is already enough to justify His existence. As stated in the book of McGrath (1998), in Anselm’s Proslogion, he offers the definition of God as â€Å"that than which no greater thing can be thought† (89). From the idea of Anselm, the existence of God came from the statement, â€Å"that than which nothing greater can be conceived. † The arguments of Anselm’s ontological proposal involve, God as the greatest possible being. Anselm argued that the notion and the nature of a being existing only in the minds of human being and society could not be considered as great or powerful. Hence, if God is to exist, He must exist in reality for Him to commence His power overall. In this logic, Anselm justified the existence of God, in not only the mind of Human beings but most of all in reality. In the perspective of Anselm, he utilized the idea of faith and logic in order to justify God’s existence. The idea of using faith gave the thought of God’s presence as determined by belief of His presence. For Anselm, in order for one to understand God’s existence, one should first believe that God exist in reality and not only in human minds. Faith had been viewed by Anselm as an important component in understanding the nature and the mystery for God’s existence. In the idea of faith, one does not have to consider the validity of truth or false in believing God’s existence, but only a simple indication of believing or not believing. In the context of faith, he argued that the existence of God is not the ones in the mind of men, but rather the agreement of faith. The human minds had their control on whether believing or not believing the thoughts of God’s existence. On the other hand, Anselm’s use of logic to prove the argument of God’s existence occurred in the concept of Proslogion. Within the logic of Proslogion, Anselm mentioned that the being of God under His characteristics of being transcendent and immanent were the main points to consider His existence. According to Hogg (2004), if God were not transcendent then there would be no reason to assume His necessity. If God were not immanent, then no one could know Him (95). Under the theology of Anselm, the concept of faith should facilitate the belief for the revelations of God’s existence, while the idea of Prologion gave rise to the logical reasoning of explaining the existence of God. Cosmological Proof of Aquinas Aquinas’ argument of the cosmological evidence of God’s existence revolved around five components, which provided the argument of his defense. In Summa Theologia of Aquinas, he argued using these five ways of justifying the existence of God under the basic thought of man’s relation with God as Creator and creation. In his first argument, Aquinas provided the â€Å"argument of motion† in order to depict the concept of change. He argued that the presence of dynamics in this motion was brought by a cause that possessed significant purpose. In addition, he mentioned that from a single cause of motion, another cause is employed, and from there, under still until the concept of unlimited causation arrived. Aquinas thought that the origin of this greater chain cannot possibly come from human nature but more significantly from God, which proved the He existed. In Aquinas’ second argument, he utilized the aspect of â€Å"cause and effect† argument that gave the idea of an event as being the effect and influenced by a cause. Somehow, the idea of the second argument had been derived from the concepts of motion wherein the cause-and-effect motion should always possess the original cause. In Aquinas’ argument, he pointed this original cause as God. In the third argument, Aquinas introduced the idea of contingent human beings, which he argued the purpose of the presence of non-necessity being (human beings) and the presence of necessity being (God). According to the perspective of Aquinas, the non-necessity being was able to come since the existence of the necessity being had always been present. Aquinas provided his declaration and personification of necessity being as God, who is the necessity being and facilitated every creation. The fourth argument of Aquinas, he proposed the idea of values origin. He considered that the values of goodness, grace, love, forgiveness, etc had all been originated from the positive background of God. The only nature that can provide the true intent of these values is God’s nature; hence, justifying the existence of God. Lastly, the fifth argument of Aquinas involved the necessity for a being to facilitate the task of supervising the creation, which can only be facilitated by God. Conclusion Within the study, the existence of God had been proven under two perspectives of Anselm and Thomas Aquinas. With Anselm’s Ontological proof of God’s existence, he defended with the two components of faith and logic. He argued that God is present not only in the human mind for God is great, and no being can be great if he only exists in the minds of men. Hence, with faith that God is existing, God indeed is existing, and because He is great, His existence is justified. On the other hand, Aquinas provided the five components that defended the existence of God. He introduced the argument of motion (God facilitated the change), argument of cause and effect (God as the very cause), argument of non-contingent being (God as the essential being), argument of the origins of values (God provided all the positive values), and lastly the argument of supervisor of creation (God sees and manages the happenings in the Earth). Works Cited Hogg, David S. Anselm of Canterbury: The Beauty of Theology. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 2004. McGrath, Allister E. Science Religion: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, 1998.

All The Kings Men :: essays research papers

The amount of change people go through in their lives is remarkable. One day, you can be a devious criminal, while the next you could turn a new leaf and become a saint. The change that Jack goes through in All the King’s Men, is comparable to that of the patient who receives a lobotomy. Although Jack undergoes no physical change, the events he witnesses rock his personality, and transforms him into an entirely new man. His metamorphosis from the beginning of the story to the end has as many parallels to the faceless patient’s operation as it does differences. Besides the obvious fact that no one ever operated on Jack, there are still many differences between him and the lobotomy patient. The most significant difference, however, lies in the reason for both men’s change. Adam remarks that the man will have a completely â€Å"new personality†, and when Jack brings up the concept of baptism, Adam adds that a baptismal is different because it does not give you a new personality, it merely gives you a new set of values to exercise your personality in. Here is where Jack and the patient differs. Jack is the complete opposite. While the man will have a new personality, Jack will go on to have the same personality, but exercise it in a different set of values. The man the reader comes to know in the final pages of the novel is still recognizable as Jack. In these final pages, Jack notes that Hugh Miller â€Å"will get back into politics,† and that Jack himself will â€Å"be along to hold his coat.† One will recall Mill er as the Attorney General who resigned to keep â€Å"his hands from getting dirty.† This is a clear example of Jack’s new set of values. Jack will keep doing what he has done for so many years -working in politics - because his personality has not changed. Nevertheless, his new set of values will not allow him to work for someone who is amoral any longer. Although there are such discernible differences as the one previously mentioned, one must also realize that there are prominent similarities between Jack and the anonymous patient. The leading similarity, strangely enough, is connected to the change cited earlier. Jack’s new set of values is what is equivalent to the new values the patient receives along with his new personality. Jack

Tobacco Addiction: Hookah

Jared Fujikuni Psych 22 April 5, 2013 Tobacco Addiction: Water Pipes An addiction is the compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance which is defined by physiological symptoms upon withdrawal. Addiction is more commonly referred to activities in a negative sense because the substance is often harmful to the user. One of the most addicting substances is nicotine, which is found within tobacco. The first thought that comes to mind when referencing to tobacco addiction is smoking cigarettes, but there are many other ways to consume tobacco such as: dip (chewing tobacco), cigars, and water pipes.Although the water pipe has been around for hundreds of years, it has only recently become popular. It has spread throughout the Middle East to Europe, all the way to North America, targeting pre-teens to young adults in college. There is an abundant amount of research done on the damaging effects of cigarettes, but as the water pipe craze is relatively new, there is still very littl e information on the health risks that this fresh social nicotine addiction may contain. The water pipe has many different street names which are a lot more exotic and alluring: hookah, shisha, boory, goza, nargile, arghile, and hubble bubble/hubbly bubbly.Smoking hookah is a sensual and relaxing experience which is often done with a group of people. This bonding social activity gives smoking a different dimension of appeal compared to the normal singular act of smoking a cigarette, but may also contribute to the development of addiction. The water pipe is often an elegant looking device resembling a flower vase that sits on a table in between the party. The group will usually be sitting comfortably around the hookah which encourages long sessions that often include over fifty puffs of the hookah.The type of tobacco that is smoked through the water pipe is called maassel, which is fermented in molasses and fruit essences. There are many different flavors that appeal to all smokers. The smoke is often sweet or minty and cooled by the water filter which makes it easy for even nonsmokers to enjoy. First the tobacco is placed within a clay bowl covered by aluminum foil which heads the water pipe. Coals are placed on top of the head to heat the tobacco. The vase of the hookah is filled half way with liquid (usually water). The smoker inhales through a tube that is connected to the vase.The smoke is drawn through the stem of the pipe and filtered through the water before going through the tube that the smoker is inhaling on. The smoker is able to inhale clouds of smoke while simultaneously drawing air over the coals which further burns the tobacco. There are many cafes and bars that are dedicated to smoking hookah. These cafes have become increasingly popular among college students and are popping up all over the United States. Hookahs are also easily purchased through smoke shops or online. Smoking hookah has become a very popular social event because of its slow p ace and relaxing feel.It allows people to partake in an activity which doesn’t require any concentration and allows them to socialize for an hour or so. It is more active than getting together for a coffee but not distracting enough to take away from a conversation. Yet the slow pace of the hookah experience is part of why it might be very dangerous. The total amount of exposure to nicotine through the prolonged smoking pattern is extremely unhealthy. Researchers from the American University of Beirut analyzed smoking patterns at a hookah lounge and reported that smokers inhaled ten times as often as a typical cigarette smoker would.Not only this, but each inhale contained about ten times as much smoke volume as a single cigarette puff. A single hookah session could have the smoke volume equivalent of one hundred cigarettes. To defend the health risks of hookah smoking, many argue that when inhaling, it is nott necessary to inhale all the way into the lungs, but to simply pla y with the smoke in the mouth like with a cigar. However, researchers have collected data that estimate absorption of nicotine and other substances contained in hookah smoke state otherwise. Despite the volume of exposure, hookah smokers are still exposed to fewer toxins than cigarette smokers. The studies indicate that hookah smokers are absorbing high levels of toxins and carcinogens that contribute to the development of heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases† (Harvard, 2008, p. 3). Hookah is often argued as a healthier way of smoking because the smoke is filtered through water, but clearly it does not filter out all of the toxins. There is still enough nicotine getting through to become addicted. The amount of nicotine that is produced by smoking hookah can vary depending on multiple variables: type of tobacco, number of coals, duration of use, and the inhaling technique.The number of coals which is related to the temperature that the hookah would be burning a t has a huge impact on the amount of toxins that are inhaled. If the coals are actually burning the tobacco instead of â€Å"baking† or â€Å"steaming† the shisha, the tar in the tobacco could be burned which is very unhealthy to inhale. Researchers found that chronic respiratory symptoms were found in younger hookah smokers rather than older ones which suggest that the younger users were smoking more intensely or not being as careful to not burn the tar.Saliva samples showed that carbon monoxide exposure was twice as high in hookah smokers as in cigarette smokers. As far as long-term health effects, there hasn’t been much research to make any solid conclusions but like in other tobacco related addictions, there was increased chance of periodontal disease, cardiovascular problems, increased heart rate and blood pressure and problems with the child of women who were pregnant while smoking. Despite the health risks (that the majority of smokers don’t even k now about), smoking hookah has a huge appeal.It is a social activity that gives bored young adults something to do as well as relaxes the body. The social aspect of the water pipe makes quitting the addiction much different than quitting smoking cigarettes. The hookah smoker is not only addicted to nicotine but also addicted to a fun activity that encourages socializing. It is easy to see how and why young adults would become addicted to smoking hookah. It is also easy to see why hookah lounges are rapidly popping up across the world as addiction equals profit. â€Å"While hookah is alluring, it also appears to be a health hazard.Clearly, there are safer ways to relax† (Harvard, 2008, p. 3). Two studies were recently done on hookah smokers. The first study wanted to figure out if hookah smoking encouraged cigarette addiction, while the other sought to decipher the demographics of those who smoke hookah based off a study done on female college freshmen. The first study was don e on students in Denmark. They tested men that were all non-smokers who occasionally smoked a cigarette but were not yet addicted. Through surveying, they discovered that the men that also occasionally or regularly smoked from a water pipe were more likely to become regular cigarette mokers. Although this is a rather weak study, it shows that the tobacco in hookah still contributes to nicotine addiction. A side point that the study made was that hookah could be a potential gateway for smoking cigarettes. â€Å"Special features such as the lower temperature of the smoke and the aromas of water pipe tobacco can contribute to enforcing this mechanism, leading toward smoking cigarettes regularly† (Jensen, 2010, p. 1256). The second study helped determine the appeal of smoking hookah. Syracuse University did a study on female freshmen at a private university in New York through online participation which was paid.The study based the results on the volunteers who had not smoked hoo kah before their freshman year. There were many factors that were predicted to determine whether the students would partake in smoking or not. The protective factors: high school GPA, religion, health value, and self-esteem. The risk factors: impulsivity/sensation-seeking, depression, anxiety, and social comparison. â€Å"†¦experimenting with hookah might be part of a normative process of seeking new experiences, as a rate of other substance use peak during the 18-25 age range† (Fielder, 2012, p. 64). Freshmen year is where students are insecure, seek self-discovery, and take risks. â€Å"†¦the transition to college is a likely time for hookah initiation given the increased freedom enjoyed by residential students, the popularity of hookah lounges in college towns, the ability of students under age 21 to get into hookah lounges but not regular bars, media portrayals of hookah smoking as exotic and trendy, permissive social norms about substance use typical of the co llege environment, and the developmental task of identity exploration† (Fielder, 2012, p. 46). All of these factor into the study and reasoning behind the engagement in hookah addiction. The study results showed that twenty-three percent initiated hookah use during their freshmen year which is not a huge percentage but there were many limitations to this study. A volunteer survey that took place at a private school that targeted women was the make-up for a limited study. The results showed that the biggest correlation with smoking hookah was alcohol intake.The other predicted factors weren’t strong enough to make a correlation. The study also showed that one-third of the surveys had already smoked hookah before their freshman year which shows the popularity. Despite the actual addiction to nicotine and the appeal of the head rush, one of the biggest aspects to smoking that is often over-looked is the smoke itself. Although the smoke is in some ways mysteriously uncontro llable, the art of the smoke cloud projecting out of the smoker’s mouth gives off a sense of creativity and ownership.The smoke is art whether it is blown out through technique such as a ring or simply as a cloud. The clouds achievable by smoking hookah are by far the largest. The water pipe’s allure combined with its targeted consumer is the perfect set-up for a generation of nicotine addicts. With still very little known about the long-term health risks, too many risk-seeking college students are falling into the social nicotine trap. It may start off as an innocent activity, but soon enough it could become a daily routine, henceforth an addiction.Harvard Medical School. (2008). Why waterpipe smoking raises concerns about addiction and other health problems. The Hazards of Hookah. Jensen, Poul Densoe. (2010). Waterpipe use predicts progression to regular cigarette smoking among Danish youth. Tobacco: Waterpipe Smoking. Fielder, Robyn L. , Carey, Kate B. , & Carey, Mi chael P. (2012). Predictors of initiation of hookah tobacco smoking: a one-year prospective study of first-year college women.